Gulf states are forming overlapping partnerships that complement the existing US security role, as the conflict with Iran continues. In the wake of Iran's missile strike on Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar in June 2025, there has been a shift in how Gulf states approach security, emphasizing the need for deeper defense cooperation and integration. The ongoing war has highlighted vulnerabilities in cities, energy infrastructure, and shipping lanes, prompting a reevaluation of security strategies.
Historically, Gulf security relied heavily on the United States, with Gulf states maintaining bilateral relationships with Washington and other Western nations. However, the current conflict has accelerated the move towards a more layered security system, with Gulf states strengthening cooperation among themselves and expanding partnerships with countries like Turkiye and various European nations.
An example of this evolving security architecture is the Mecca Joint Defence Agreement between Saudi Arabia, Turkiye, and Pakistan, which treats an armed attack on one member as an attack on all, reminiscent of NATO's collective defense principle. While the Gulf does not aim to replicate NATO, it is moving towards a system of overlapping partnerships to address diverse threats.
This new approach requires flexibility in leadership and operational roles, allowing states to respond to specific threats based on their capabilities. Interoperability among partners is crucial, as effective collaboration during crises depends on shared information and coordinated decision-making.
Examples of deeper integration include Qatar's military relationship with the UK, which has evolved beyond a traditional buyer-seller model, and joint operations between Qatari and British forces. The ongoing war has tested these relationships, demonstrating the need for Gulf states to build operational ties with European militaries while maintaining their partnership with the US.
As the conflict continues, the Gulf's security architecture is likely to evolve into a more connected and flexible system, emphasizing cooperation and operational readiness among regional partners. The effectiveness of these partnerships will ultimately be tested in future crises, determining whether the lessons learned during the past six months can be sustained.