Tensions between the US and Iran have escalated with attacks on oil tankers in the Strait of Hormuz, raising fears of potential oil spills in the Gulf. On September 8, the US targeted five Iranian oil tankers, which led to an Iranian attack on Jordan’s Al-Azraq airbase. This followed earlier US strikes on three Iranian tankers after Iran launched ballistic missiles towards a US aircraft carrier and a navy destroyer in the region, according to US Central Command. Iran has also claimed to have attacked three oil tankers it deemed to be traveling through an unauthorized route in the Strait, along with three US-linked vessels elsewhere.
As of September 7, MarineTraffic data indicated that 42 tankers were waiting to transit the Strait of Hormuz, with 18 of those carrying oil. These vessels have a combined capacity of approximately 1.76 million cubic meters of oil, equivalent to about 11.1 million barrels, which represents roughly 11 percent of the world’s daily oil demand. A successful strike on these tankers could lead to significant environmental damage, including oil spills that could contaminate coastlines and marine ecosystems.
US Central Command reported that on September 5, its forces struck three Iranian crude-oil tankers in the Gulf of Oman and near Kharg Island, marking a new escalation in maritime attacks. Since the onset of the conflict, at least 75 ships have been attacked, resulting in the deaths of at least 21 seafarers. Two incidents have caused minor oil spills, while six have resulted in fires. One tanker, the Caroline Bezengi, has been leaking oil since it ran aground off Oman in early June, carrying an estimated 800,000 barrels of oil.
The environmental implications of these conflicts are significant. A major spill could release millions of liters of oil into the Gulf, affecting coastlines, fisheries, and marine ecosystems. Historical precedents, such as the oil spills during Operation Desert Storm, have shown the long-lasting damage such incidents can cause to marine environments.
The Gulf's delicate ecosystems, including coral reefs and mangrove forests, are critical for various marine species and local fisheries. Pollution from oil spills can severely impact these habitats, as oil can spread over vast areas due to currents and winds. A study from the University of South Florida indicated that oil spills in the Gulf and Strait of Hormuz were four times more prevalent in March 2026 compared to the previous year.
Dr. Hussein Samh al Masroori from Sultan Qaboos University noted that oil contamination can directly affect marine life and disrupt food webs, leading to reduced fishing opportunities and economic losses for coastal communities. The Gulf countries rely heavily on desalination for water, and oil contamination near seawater intakes can compromise water quality and treatment processes. Al Masroori emphasized the importance of early detection and advanced treatment systems to mitigate these risks.